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Preventing misuse of the Cybercrimes Act: Protecting free speech, unlocking economic growth

On Democracy Day, the heads of missions of the United States, United Kingdom, Finland, Norway, and Canada would like to recognise and congratulate the Nigerian people’s commitment to 26 years of democratic governance. Healthy democracies are formed of many important ingredients and when marking 25 years of democracy in Nigeria in 2024, President Tinubu underlined that in Nigeria “there must be diverse perspectives and viewpoints.” Free expression has long been a core value of Nigeria’s democracy.
Nigeria’s constitution enshrines the right to freedom of expression, aiming to protect its citizens’ rights and foster a society where people can debate and discuss ideas free from government control.
This right, a principle of trusting ordinary citizens to have discussion in the virtual public square, remains vital today.
In April, Nigeria’s National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) raised concerns about the 2015 Cybercrimes Act, the amendments made to it in 2024, and the law’s impact on free expression. The Act has laudable aims: to combat online fraud and cyberattacks. There is growing evidence, however, that the Act is being misused by some to silence criticism and dissent. The NHRC’s advisory opinion on freedom of expression warned that it “has potentials for abuse, particularly with respect to arrests and prosecutions of activists, journalists, bloggers, and ordinary social media users.” In addition, in 2022 the ECOWAS Court of Justice ruled that the Act is not in conformity with the country’s obligations related to freedom of expression under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Misuse of the Cybercrimes Act undermines democratic advancement and civic participation. It also jeopardizes the confidence of investors and risks deterring the innovation needed for economic growth.
Consider the case of Dele Farotimi, charged with 12 counts of cybercrime after he reported alleged corruption in the judiciary in a book and on a podcast. Farotimi was allegedly detained in Lagos, transported across state lines to Ekiti, and brought to court in handcuffs. Though the charges were eventually withdrawn, his ordeal highlights a troubling issue – the Cybercrimes Act, originally intended to combat online fraud and cyberterrorism, can be misused as a tool to stifle free expression and undermine democratic engagement. Farotimi is not alone. Journalists, activists, and ordinary citizens have faced similar charges for sharing opinions or reporting on alleged corruption. This distortion of the law’s original intent can lead to citizens becoming hesitant to speak out, weakening democratic accountability and potentially fuelling distrust in government.
The Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC) estimates the country loses $500 million per year to cybercrime. This problem requires a response. However, the Cybercrimes Act’s broad language, especially its vague definitions of “false information,” “cyberstalking,” “harassment,” and “insult” leave room for confusion and potential abuse. The law’s broad scope allows it to be misused against Nigerian citizens seeking to express dissent, form opinions, or criticize powerful people. NHRC has called on law enforcement to “exercise caution” in how they interpret the Act’s frequently used Section 24 to make sure that charges reflect an actual threat to public order. We therefore welcome the commitment from Nigeria’s Minister of Information and National Orientation, Mohammed Idris, to collaborate with the National Assembly and relevant stakeholders in reviewing the Cybercrimes Act so that it protects the values enshrined in Nigeria’s constitution.
The implications extend beyond free expression. Nigeria’s economic future depends on its ability to innovate and attract investment in the digital age. However, the Cybercrimes Act’s misapplication, even in a small number of cases, risks detracting the innovators and entrepreneurs the government wants to invest in Nigeria. The Cybercrimes Act also contributes to uncertainty abroad about Nigeria’s legal landscape. Its vague provisions make it difficult for businesses and investors to assess legal risks, hindering investment in industries that rely on digital content. Reform is needed to protect both citizens’ rights and Nigeria’s future.
The undersigned Heads of Mission in Nigeria encourage Nigerian lawmakers to consider reform of the Cybercrimes Act to narrow the definitions of key terms such as “false information,” cyberstalking,” insult,” hatred,” and “harassment,” and ensure those definitions cannot be used erroneously to silence critics and censor expression. As friends of Nigeria who share the country’s strong commitment to democratic values, we want Nigeria to realise its potential as a democratic digital powerhouse. We would therefore welcome the Nigerian government amending the Act to strike a balance between protecting citizens while preserving human rights, including free expression. This will be a difficult balance to strike but is vital for delivering what Nigeria wants: a stable and open democracy, and economic growth underpinned by investment.
Nigeria is not alone in facing this problem. Democracies across the world are grappling with the ever-evolving challenges and opportunities that the digital world presents. Through the Council of Europe’s Global Action on Cybercrime project, Nigerian lawmakers are receiving funding and technical assistance to help the current review of the Act lead to legislation that meets international standards and best practices. However, the deadline for the Act’s review has consistently been delayed, and we urge Nigerian lawmakers to make this review a priority, and ensure it is open to public consultation and debate.
Free expression is a precious commodity that relies on all of us to respect it. It is a fundamental tenant of Nigeria’s constitution. Nigerians, and any citizens of countries around the world, should be able to hold and express their views, even if those opinions are unpopular.
Jointly written by Richard M. Mills, Jr., U.S. Embassy; Richard Montgomery; British High Commission; Sanna Selin, Embassy of Finland, Svein Baera; Embassy of Norway
Pasquale Salvaggio, and Canadian High Commission.
Columns
Omoba Tanimowo Oluremi Okupe and Olu Oyesanya Wedding (1960)

Event Summary:
On December 24, 1960, Princess (Omoba) Tanimowo Oluremi Okupe, aged 28, daughter of His Highness, the Alaperu of Iperu, Oba Samuel Adedoyin Okupe II (Agbonmagbe II), married Olu Oyesanya, aged 32, the son of a Nigerian Chief, at St. Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London. The ceremony took place just a few months after Nigeria gained independence (October 1, 1960), making it one of the first high-profile Nigerian royal weddings to take place in post-colonial Britain.
About the Bride:
Full Name: Omoba (Princess) Tanimowo Oluremi Okupe
Father: His Highness Oba Samuel Adedoyin Okupe II (Agbonmagbe II), the Alaperu of Iperu in the Ijebu Division of Ogun State, southwestern Nigeria.
The title “Omoba” signifies “royal child” or “princess” in Yoruba, indicating her noble birth.
She was part of a generation of educated Nigerian women from royal or elite families who studied or lived in Britain during the 1950s and 1960s.
Her wedding symbolized a union between traditional Nigerian royalty and the new class of educated, cosmopolitan Nigerians emerging in the postcolonial era.
About the Groom:
Name: Olu Oyesanya
Age at marriage: 32
Background: Son of a prominent Nigerian Chief (likely from the southwest, given the surname and cultural ties).
He, too, represented the educated Nigerian elite in London during that time — many were students or professionals in law, medicine, or public administration.
About the Ceremony:
Venue: St. Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London — a historic Anglican church often referred to as the “journalists’ church,” renowned for its striking tiered spire.
Date: Saturday, December 24, 1960 (Christmas Eve).
The ceremony attracted attention from the British press and Nigerian expatriate circles in London.
The couple’s attire likely reflected a blend of Western wedding fashion and Nigerian cultural identity, consistent with other high-profile Nigerian weddings of that era.
The event was covered by PA Images (Press Association) and has since appeared in several image archives as part of postcolonial Nigerian history in Britain.
Historical Context:
The wedding took place less than three months after Nigeria’s independence.
Many elite Nigerian families, including royal households, had close ties with Britain due to colonial education and diplomatic relations.
Such marriages often symbolized cultural diplomacy representing modern, educated Nigerians while maintaining traditional roots.
Significance:
This wedding was one of the first Nigerian royal weddings in post-independence Britain, reflecting the blending of Nigerian royalty, Western education, and Christianity.
It underscored the visibility of Nigerians in the British social landscape during the early 1960s.
The image and event are often cited in archives documenting Nigeria’s elite presence in London around independence.
Columns
King Alfred Diete-Spiff: Joined Nigerian military at 22, became governor at 24

King Alfred Diete-Spiff is one of the luckiest Nigerians in history. He joined the Nigerian military at 22 in 1964 and became governor just two years and 10 months later. Today, he is a king.
Here’s the summary:
– Born on 30 July, 1942, he joined the Nigerian Navy and was commissioned as a ship diving officer in 1964.
– In 1965, he became the first Commanding Officer of the NNS Quorra (later NNS Calabar).
– By January 1966, he was a member of the Wår Council and worked during the Nigerian Civil Wår era.
– On May 27, 1967, following General Yakubu Gowon’s creation of 12 states from Nigeria’s four regions, Diete-Spiff—then a Lieutenant Commander—was appointed Military Governor of the newly formed Rivers State at age 24. He was just two months away from being 25 years old at the time.
– He served for 8 years until July 1975 when Yakubu Gowon’s military regime was tøppled in 1975.
– Three years later in 1978, he was crowned king, the Amayanabo of Twon-Brass, Bayelsa State.
– He clocked 83 30 July, 2025.
Credit: Ethnic African Stories
Columns
Elechi Amadi (1934 – 2016)

Full Name:
Chief Elechi Amadi
Birth and Early Life:
Born on May 12, 1934, in Aluu, near Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
He was of Ikwerre ethnic origin, one of the ethnic groups in the Niger Delta region.
Amadi attended Government College, Umuahia, one of the most prestigious secondary schools in colonial Nigeria.
He later studied at University College, Ibadan (now University of Ibadan), where he earned a Bachelor’s degree in Physics and Mathematics in 1959.
Career and Public Service:
After graduation, Amadi served as a science teacher and education officer.
He joined the Nigerian Army and served during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), fighting on the side of Biafra.
After the war, he returned to public life in Rivers State, serving as:
Permanent Secretary,
Commissioner for Education, and later
Commissioner for Lands and Housing.
He was also a writer-in-residence at the University of Port Harcourt and lectured in English and Literature.
Literary Career:
Elechi Amadi is best known as a novelist, playwright, and poet who explored traditional African life, moral order, and spiritual realism. His works are often described as classical, philosophical, and ethnographic, highlighting the dignity and depth of pre-colonial African societies before contact with the West.
Major Works:
1. The Concubine (1966)
His most famous novel and considered a classic of African literature.
Set in a traditional African village, it tells the tragic story of Ihuoma, a beautiful and virtuous woman whose lovers mysteriously die because she is spiritually married to a sea god.
Themes: Fate, destiny, love, traditional belief systems, and the conflict between human will and supernatural forces.
The novel portrays a harmonious and ordered traditional society, where the supernatural world interacts closely with human existence.
2. The Great Ponds (1969)
Centers on two rival villages, Chiolu and Aliakoro, fighting over the ownership of a sacred fishing pond.
Themes: Conflict, honor, pride, superstition, and the futility of war.
It reflects Amadi’s concern with human greed and the consequences of communal rivalry.
3. The Slave (1978)
Explores issues of slavery, identity, and freedom in traditional African settings.
The protagonist, Olumati, experiences betrayal and loss, symbolizing the harsh realities of servitude.
The novel continues Amadi’s exploration of moral codes, loyalty, and the metaphysical forces governing life.
4. Sunset in Biafra (1973) (Memoir)
A non-fictional war diary recounting Amadi’s experiences during the Nigerian Civil War.
Offers a rare perspective from an intellectual and soldier who lived through the tragedy of war.
It’s one of the earliest personal accounts of the Biafran war, written with restraint and objectivity.
5. Estrangement (1986)
Focuses on the impact of modernity and alienation on traditional African societies.
Examines how individuals lose their sense of belonging when caught between old and new cultural values.
6. Plays and Poetry:
Isiburu (1973) – a verse play exploring heroism and the tragic fate of a wrestler.
Peppersoup and Dancer of Johannesburg (both 1977) – dramatic works dealing with corruption and urban struggles.
Themes and Style:
Traditional African life: Amadi’s works celebrate the integrity, values, and complexity of African societies before colonial disruption.
Fate and the supernatural: His characters often struggle with destiny and spiritual forces that shape their lives.
Moral realism: He portrays moral order and ethical behavior as central to community stability.
Simplicity and clarity of language: His prose is lucid, restrained, and elegant, focusing on storytelling rather than political agitation.
Non-political tone: Unlike Chinua Achebe or Wole Soyinka, Amadi’s works are less overtly political and more existential and philosophical.
Awards and Recognition:
Amadi received several national and literary honors, including the Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.
He was widely regarded as one of Nigeria’s most disciplined and traditionalist writers.
His works are taught in schools and universities across Africa and beyond.
Later Life and Death:
Chief Elechi Amadi continued to write and teach until his later years.
He died on June 29, 2016, in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, at the age of 82.
He was buried in his hometown, Aluu, with full cultural honors.
Legacy:
Amadi’s works are often compared to those of Chinua Achebe and Cyprian Ekwensi, though his focus on pre-colonial moral order and metaphysics makes his voice unique.
He remains one of the most authentic chroniclers of traditional African life, preserving the belief systems, customs, and human values of the Niger Delta peoples.
The Concubine remains a masterpiece of African literature a story of beauty, tragedy, and spiritual mystery that transcends time.
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