Columns
Preventing misuse of the Cybercrimes Act: Protecting free speech, unlocking economic growth
On Democracy Day, the heads of missions of the United States, United Kingdom, Finland, Norway, and Canada would like to recognise and congratulate the Nigerian people’s commitment to 26 years of democratic governance. Healthy democracies are formed of many important ingredients and when marking 25 years of democracy in Nigeria in 2024, President Tinubu underlined that in Nigeria “there must be diverse perspectives and viewpoints.” Free expression has long been a core value of Nigeria’s democracy.
Nigeria’s constitution enshrines the right to freedom of expression, aiming to protect its citizens’ rights and foster a society where people can debate and discuss ideas free from government control.
This right, a principle of trusting ordinary citizens to have discussion in the virtual public square, remains vital today.
In April, Nigeria’s National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) raised concerns about the 2015 Cybercrimes Act, the amendments made to it in 2024, and the law’s impact on free expression. The Act has laudable aims: to combat online fraud and cyberattacks. There is growing evidence, however, that the Act is being misused by some to silence criticism and dissent. The NHRC’s advisory opinion on freedom of expression warned that it “has potentials for abuse, particularly with respect to arrests and prosecutions of activists, journalists, bloggers, and ordinary social media users.” In addition, in 2022 the ECOWAS Court of Justice ruled that the Act is not in conformity with the country’s obligations related to freedom of expression under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Misuse of the Cybercrimes Act undermines democratic advancement and civic participation. It also jeopardizes the confidence of investors and risks deterring the innovation needed for economic growth.
Consider the case of Dele Farotimi, charged with 12 counts of cybercrime after he reported alleged corruption in the judiciary in a book and on a podcast. Farotimi was allegedly detained in Lagos, transported across state lines to Ekiti, and brought to court in handcuffs. Though the charges were eventually withdrawn, his ordeal highlights a troubling issue – the Cybercrimes Act, originally intended to combat online fraud and cyberterrorism, can be misused as a tool to stifle free expression and undermine democratic engagement. Farotimi is not alone. Journalists, activists, and ordinary citizens have faced similar charges for sharing opinions or reporting on alleged corruption. This distortion of the law’s original intent can lead to citizens becoming hesitant to speak out, weakening democratic accountability and potentially fuelling distrust in government.
The Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC) estimates the country loses $500 million per year to cybercrime. This problem requires a response. However, the Cybercrimes Act’s broad language, especially its vague definitions of “false information,” “cyberstalking,” “harassment,” and “insult” leave room for confusion and potential abuse. The law’s broad scope allows it to be misused against Nigerian citizens seeking to express dissent, form opinions, or criticize powerful people. NHRC has called on law enforcement to “exercise caution” in how they interpret the Act’s frequently used Section 24 to make sure that charges reflect an actual threat to public order. We therefore welcome the commitment from Nigeria’s Minister of Information and National Orientation, Mohammed Idris, to collaborate with the National Assembly and relevant stakeholders in reviewing the Cybercrimes Act so that it protects the values enshrined in Nigeria’s constitution.
The implications extend beyond free expression. Nigeria’s economic future depends on its ability to innovate and attract investment in the digital age. However, the Cybercrimes Act’s misapplication, even in a small number of cases, risks detracting the innovators and entrepreneurs the government wants to invest in Nigeria. The Cybercrimes Act also contributes to uncertainty abroad about Nigeria’s legal landscape. Its vague provisions make it difficult for businesses and investors to assess legal risks, hindering investment in industries that rely on digital content. Reform is needed to protect both citizens’ rights and Nigeria’s future.
The undersigned Heads of Mission in Nigeria encourage Nigerian lawmakers to consider reform of the Cybercrimes Act to narrow the definitions of key terms such as “false information,” cyberstalking,” insult,” hatred,” and “harassment,” and ensure those definitions cannot be used erroneously to silence critics and censor expression. As friends of Nigeria who share the country’s strong commitment to democratic values, we want Nigeria to realise its potential as a democratic digital powerhouse. We would therefore welcome the Nigerian government amending the Act to strike a balance between protecting citizens while preserving human rights, including free expression. This will be a difficult balance to strike but is vital for delivering what Nigeria wants: a stable and open democracy, and economic growth underpinned by investment.
Nigeria is not alone in facing this problem. Democracies across the world are grappling with the ever-evolving challenges and opportunities that the digital world presents. Through the Council of Europe’s Global Action on Cybercrime project, Nigerian lawmakers are receiving funding and technical assistance to help the current review of the Act lead to legislation that meets international standards and best practices. However, the deadline for the Act’s review has consistently been delayed, and we urge Nigerian lawmakers to make this review a priority, and ensure it is open to public consultation and debate.
Free expression is a precious commodity that relies on all of us to respect it. It is a fundamental tenant of Nigeria’s constitution. Nigerians, and any citizens of countries around the world, should be able to hold and express their views, even if those opinions are unpopular.
Jointly written by Richard M. Mills, Jr., U.S. Embassy; Richard Montgomery; British High Commission; Sanna Selin, Embassy of Finland, Svein Baera; Embassy of Norway
Pasquale Salvaggio, and Canadian High Commission.
Columns
How Yakubu Gowon found himself in the Army
How Yakubu Gowon decided to enter the Army is quite interesting. Encouraged by his British Principal and Vice-Principal to go military, he was nevertheless torn between a career in the Army and competing options as a teacher, engineer, or physician. So he wrote out the options on little pieces of paper placed them inside a Bible and prayed. Then, with his eyes closed, he opened the Bible and picked one at random. It was the Army.
Throughout his military career he would repeatedly approach issues with a r!fle in one hand and a Bible in the other. Years later he would come to be regarded by most as a model of a “kinder, gentler” soldier. Some have nicknamed him “The Preacher”.
In 1954, after passing an entrance examination, he attended several interviews before being sent to the Regular Officers Cadet School at Teshie in Ghana – along with Patrick Anwuna, Alexander Madiebo, Michael Okwechime and Arthur Unegbe. This was followed by a course at Eton Hall in Chester, UK, followed by formal cadet training at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst (RMAS). He was a Cadet Sergeant at the RMAS and was commissioned 2/Lt in December 1956. It was at the RMAS that he acquired the nickname “Jack,” the closest sound to “Yakubu” his British instructors could think of.
The above is part of a piece put lol together by Nowa Omoigui, Nigerian military historian and cardiologist.
Gowon later became Head of State and had one of the most troubling dispensation in the history of Nigeria. He was removed from office in 1975 by Murtala Muhammed.
On how he survived immediately after his removal from office, he said in an interview:
“I can say with absolute authority that I may not have anything today, but honestly, at least I have a clear conscience. I thank Idi Amin and (Gnassingbé) Eyadema for the help they gave me to have money to start off with.”
Ethnic African Stories
Columns
FLORA NWAPA
The Imo State born writer and teacher who is largely referred to as the “mother of African Literature”, was the first African woman to publish a novel in English.
Flora belived that African women were unjustly portrayed (in the books of her male counterparts) as people who were doubly malleable, as people who didn’t have even a vestige voice of their own: people who must, for instance, eat fufu not exactly because they wanted to eat fufu but because men insisted that they eat fufu, people who must live in the shadows of men… So she basically did the opposite of this in her books where she gave women prime places, using her pen to unfold to the whole world, in concrete clarity, what she believed ought to be the generally accepted societal ethos.
She celebrated the strength, tenacity and courage of African women, told their success stories in glittering terms, and sang their praises to the stratosphere.
She was born January 13, 92 years ago in Oguta – Imo State, and passed away on October 13, 1993, after enduring a server bout of pneumonia.
Columns
Olorogun Michael Ibru (1930–2016): The Visionary Behind a West African Business Empire
Michael Ibru was a pioneering Nigerian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and founder of the Ibru Organisation, one of the most influential business groups in West Africa. His life reflects ambition, discipline, and the transformation of opportunity into a diversified empire.
Early Life and Background
Born in 1930, Michael Ibru hailed from Agbarha-Otor, near Ughelli.
He was the eldest of seven children in a prominent family. His mother was the daughter of the wealthy Ovedje Osadjere of Olomu, which placed him within a lineage of both traditional influence and commercial awareness.
Growing up in the Niger Delta region, young Ibru was exposed early to trade, mobility, and the importance of enterprise in coastal and riverine communities.
Education and Formative Years
A defining stage of his early life was his education at Igbobi College Yaba, one of Nigeria’s most prestigious secondary schools at the time.
At Igbobi College, Michael Ibru distinguished himself not only academically but also in leadership, eventually serving as Senior Prefect. This position reflected his discipline, influence, and ability to lead peers—qualities that later shaped his business career.
His time at the institution helped refine his worldview and exposed him to structured education during a period when Nigeria was still under colonial administration.
Early Career and Exposure to Business
After completing his studies, he briefly worked with the United Africa Company (UAC), one of the most powerful trading firms operating in West Africa at the time.
This experience exposed him to:
Large-scale import and export systems
Corporate structure and logistics
Commercial distribution networks
However, rather than remain in salaried employment, he chose the path of entrepreneurship—a decision that would redefine his life and legacy.
The Birth of a Business Empire
In 1956, Michael Ibru founded a frozen fish business.
At the time, frozen food distribution was still relatively new in Nigeria, and Ibru identified a gap in the market: the need for affordable, preserved protein sources in urban centres.
His venture quickly expanded due to:
Strong demand for fish in growing cities
Efficient supply chain management
Strategic importation and distribution systems
This modest beginning became the foundation of what would evolve into the Ibru Organisation.
Expansion into a Conglomerate
Over time, the Ibru Organisation grew into a diversified business empire spanning multiple sectors, including:
Food and seafood processing
Aviation and logistics
Hospitality and real estate
Finance and banking
Oil and marine services
Media and publishing
Agriculture and industrial production
The group became one of the largest family-owned conglomerates in West Africa, with numerous subsidiaries operating across Nigeria and beyond.
Rather than relying on a single industry, Michael Ibru built a multi-sectoral business model, which helped the organisation withstand economic fluctuations and remain competitive for decades.
Leadership Style and Business Philosophy
Michael Ibru was widely regarded as a strategic thinker who believed in:
Identifying unmet market needs
Investing in scalable industries
Building long-term institutional structures
Empowering family-led continuity in business
His leadership approach combined traditional values with modern corporate thinking, allowing the Ibru Organisation to grow into a structured enterprise rather than a short-term venture.
Philanthropy and Social Impact
Beyond commerce, Michael Ibru was deeply committed to philanthropy.
His contributions included:
Support for education and scholarships
Community development initiatives
Investment in youth empowerment
Assistance to local infrastructure and social welfare projects
He believed that business success should translate into societal progress, particularly in education and opportunity creation.
Legacy of the Ibru Organisation
The Ibru Organisation remains one of Nigeria’s most recognised business groups, continuing to operate through various subsidiaries across sectors.
Its legacy is defined by:
Industrial diversification
Private sector growth in post-independence Nigeria
Family-led business continuity
Contribution to West Africa’s economic development
From a young student at Igbobi College Yaba to the founder of a continental business empire, Michael Ibru represents the story of vision, risk-taking, and entrepreneurial excellence.
His journey shows how observation, opportunity, and courage can transform a simple idea—like frozen fish distribution—into a legacy that shaped industries across Africa.
Source
Biographical and historical records on Michael Ibru
Public information on the development of the Ibru Organisation
Educational history of Igbobi College Yaba
Historical context of Nigerian post-colonial entrepreneurship and trade development
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