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Nigeria and Biafra: My Story — A First-Hand Account of the Nigerian Civil War
Nigeria and Biafra: My Story is a memoir written by Major General Philip Effiong, the second and final President of the Republic of Biafra, and formerly the Chief of General Staff of the Biafran Armed Forces. The book stands as one of the most important first-hand narratives of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), offering a rare insider’s military and political perspective on the conflict.
Authorship and Historical Significance
Philip Effiong occupies a unique place in Nigerian history. Following the death of General Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, Effiong assumed leadership of Biafra in January 1970 and was the man who formally announced Biafra’s surrender, effectively ending the war. His position placed him at the centre of decisive moments in the conflict’s final days.
As such, Nigeria and Biafra: My Story is not a secondary historical interpretation but an eyewitness account written by a principal actor, making it invaluable to scholars, students, and readers interested in Nigeria’s political and military history.
Content and Perspective
The book provides:
A personal narrative of Effiong’s life before and during the war
Detailed insight into Biafra’s military structure and decision-making processes
Reflections on the human cost of the war, including suffering, displacement, and loss
An account of the circumstances surrounding Biafra’s collapse and surrender
Unlike propagandist wartime literature, Effiong’s tone is widely regarded as reflective and restrained, focusing on lessons, mistakes, and moral complexities rather than triumphalism.
Historical Value
The Nigerian Civil War remains one of Africa’s most consequential post-independence conflicts. Effiong’s memoir contributes significantly to:
Understanding the internal dynamics of the Biafran leadership
Documenting the final phase of the war from within Biafra
Preserving a Biafran voice in a conflict often narrated primarily from the federal perspective
For historians, the book complements other primary sources such as speeches, military communiqués, and international diplomatic records.
Publication
The edition referenced is a Sungai Book, published by African Tree Press. While multiple editions and reprints of Effiong’s memoir have circulated over the years, African Tree Press is known for republishing historically significant African political texts for modern audiences.
Legacy
Nigeria and Biafra: My Story remains a key text for anyone seeking to understand the Nigerian Civil War beyond headlines and casualty figures. It humanises the conflict while preserving the voice of a man who played a decisive role in bringing it to an end.
Source
Philip Effiong, Nigeria and Biafra: My Story, African Tree Press (Sungai Book edition)

General historical records on the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)
Columns
How Yakubu Gowon found himself in the Army
How Yakubu Gowon decided to enter the Army is quite interesting. Encouraged by his British Principal and Vice-Principal to go military, he was nevertheless torn between a career in the Army and competing options as a teacher, engineer, or physician. So he wrote out the options on little pieces of paper placed them inside a Bible and prayed. Then, with his eyes closed, he opened the Bible and picked one at random. It was the Army.
Throughout his military career he would repeatedly approach issues with a r!fle in one hand and a Bible in the other. Years later he would come to be regarded by most as a model of a “kinder, gentler” soldier. Some have nicknamed him “The Preacher”.
In 1954, after passing an entrance examination, he attended several interviews before being sent to the Regular Officers Cadet School at Teshie in Ghana – along with Patrick Anwuna, Alexander Madiebo, Michael Okwechime and Arthur Unegbe. This was followed by a course at Eton Hall in Chester, UK, followed by formal cadet training at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst (RMAS). He was a Cadet Sergeant at the RMAS and was commissioned 2/Lt in December 1956. It was at the RMAS that he acquired the nickname “Jack,” the closest sound to “Yakubu” his British instructors could think of.
The above is part of a piece put lol together by Nowa Omoigui, Nigerian military historian and cardiologist.
Gowon later became Head of State and had one of the most troubling dispensation in the history of Nigeria. He was removed from office in 1975 by Murtala Muhammed.
On how he survived immediately after his removal from office, he said in an interview:
“I can say with absolute authority that I may not have anything today, but honestly, at least I have a clear conscience. I thank Idi Amin and (Gnassingbé) Eyadema for the help they gave me to have money to start off with.”
Ethnic African Stories
Columns
FLORA NWAPA
The Imo State born writer and teacher who is largely referred to as the “mother of African Literature”, was the first African woman to publish a novel in English.
Flora belived that African women were unjustly portrayed (in the books of her male counterparts) as people who were doubly malleable, as people who didn’t have even a vestige voice of their own: people who must, for instance, eat fufu not exactly because they wanted to eat fufu but because men insisted that they eat fufu, people who must live in the shadows of men… So she basically did the opposite of this in her books where she gave women prime places, using her pen to unfold to the whole world, in concrete clarity, what she believed ought to be the generally accepted societal ethos.
She celebrated the strength, tenacity and courage of African women, told their success stories in glittering terms, and sang their praises to the stratosphere.
She was born January 13, 92 years ago in Oguta – Imo State, and passed away on October 13, 1993, after enduring a server bout of pneumonia.
Columns
Olorogun Michael Ibru (1930–2016): The Visionary Behind a West African Business Empire
Michael Ibru was a pioneering Nigerian entrepreneur, philanthropist, and founder of the Ibru Organisation, one of the most influential business groups in West Africa. His life reflects ambition, discipline, and the transformation of opportunity into a diversified empire.
Early Life and Background
Born in 1930, Michael Ibru hailed from Agbarha-Otor, near Ughelli.
He was the eldest of seven children in a prominent family. His mother was the daughter of the wealthy Ovedje Osadjere of Olomu, which placed him within a lineage of both traditional influence and commercial awareness.
Growing up in the Niger Delta region, young Ibru was exposed early to trade, mobility, and the importance of enterprise in coastal and riverine communities.
Education and Formative Years
A defining stage of his early life was his education at Igbobi College Yaba, one of Nigeria’s most prestigious secondary schools at the time.
At Igbobi College, Michael Ibru distinguished himself not only academically but also in leadership, eventually serving as Senior Prefect. This position reflected his discipline, influence, and ability to lead peers—qualities that later shaped his business career.
His time at the institution helped refine his worldview and exposed him to structured education during a period when Nigeria was still under colonial administration.
Early Career and Exposure to Business
After completing his studies, he briefly worked with the United Africa Company (UAC), one of the most powerful trading firms operating in West Africa at the time.
This experience exposed him to:
Large-scale import and export systems
Corporate structure and logistics
Commercial distribution networks
However, rather than remain in salaried employment, he chose the path of entrepreneurship—a decision that would redefine his life and legacy.
The Birth of a Business Empire
In 1956, Michael Ibru founded a frozen fish business.
At the time, frozen food distribution was still relatively new in Nigeria, and Ibru identified a gap in the market: the need for affordable, preserved protein sources in urban centres.
His venture quickly expanded due to:
Strong demand for fish in growing cities
Efficient supply chain management
Strategic importation and distribution systems
This modest beginning became the foundation of what would evolve into the Ibru Organisation.
Expansion into a Conglomerate
Over time, the Ibru Organisation grew into a diversified business empire spanning multiple sectors, including:
Food and seafood processing
Aviation and logistics
Hospitality and real estate
Finance and banking
Oil and marine services
Media and publishing
Agriculture and industrial production
The group became one of the largest family-owned conglomerates in West Africa, with numerous subsidiaries operating across Nigeria and beyond.
Rather than relying on a single industry, Michael Ibru built a multi-sectoral business model, which helped the organisation withstand economic fluctuations and remain competitive for decades.
Leadership Style and Business Philosophy
Michael Ibru was widely regarded as a strategic thinker who believed in:
Identifying unmet market needs
Investing in scalable industries
Building long-term institutional structures
Empowering family-led continuity in business
His leadership approach combined traditional values with modern corporate thinking, allowing the Ibru Organisation to grow into a structured enterprise rather than a short-term venture.
Philanthropy and Social Impact
Beyond commerce, Michael Ibru was deeply committed to philanthropy.
His contributions included:
Support for education and scholarships
Community development initiatives
Investment in youth empowerment
Assistance to local infrastructure and social welfare projects
He believed that business success should translate into societal progress, particularly in education and opportunity creation.
Legacy of the Ibru Organisation
The Ibru Organisation remains one of Nigeria’s most recognised business groups, continuing to operate through various subsidiaries across sectors.
Its legacy is defined by:
Industrial diversification
Private sector growth in post-independence Nigeria
Family-led business continuity
Contribution to West Africa’s economic development
From a young student at Igbobi College Yaba to the founder of a continental business empire, Michael Ibru represents the story of vision, risk-taking, and entrepreneurial excellence.
His journey shows how observation, opportunity, and courage can transform a simple idea—like frozen fish distribution—into a legacy that shaped industries across Africa.
Source
Biographical and historical records on Michael Ibru
Public information on the development of the Ibru Organisation
Educational history of Igbobi College Yaba
Historical context of Nigerian post-colonial entrepreneurship and trade development
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