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Preventing misuse of the Cybercrimes Act: Protecting free speech, unlocking economic growth

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On Democracy Day, the heads of missions of the United States, United Kingdom, Finland, Norway, and Canada would like to recognise and congratulate the Nigerian people’s commitment to 26 years of democratic governance. Healthy democracies are formed of many important ingredients and when marking 25 years of democracy in Nigeria in 2024, President Tinubu underlined that in Nigeria “there must be diverse perspectives and viewpoints.” Free expression has long been a core value of Nigeria’s democracy.

Nigeria’s constitution enshrines the right to freedom of expression, aiming to protect its citizens’ rights and foster a society where people can debate and discuss ideas free from government control.

This right, a principle of trusting ordinary citizens to have discussion in the virtual public square, remains vital today.

In April, Nigeria’s National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) raised concerns about the 2015 Cybercrimes Act, the amendments made to it in 2024, and the law’s impact on free expression. The Act has laudable aims: to combat online fraud and cyberattacks. There is growing evidence, however, that the Act is being misused by some to silence criticism and dissent. The NHRC’s advisory opinion on freedom of expression warned that it “has potentials for abuse, particularly with respect to arrests and prosecutions of activists, journalists, bloggers, and ordinary social media users.” In addition, in 2022 the ECOWAS Court of Justice ruled that the Act is not in conformity with the country’s obligations related to freedom of expression under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Misuse of the Cybercrimes Act undermines democratic advancement and civic participation. It also jeopardizes the confidence of investors and risks deterring the innovation needed for economic growth.

Consider the case of Dele Farotimi, charged with 12 counts of cybercrime after he reported alleged corruption in the judiciary in a book and on a podcast. Farotimi was allegedly detained in Lagos, transported across state lines to Ekiti, and brought to court in handcuffs. Though the charges were eventually withdrawn, his ordeal highlights a troubling issue – the Cybercrimes Act, originally intended to combat online fraud and cyberterrorism, can be misused as a tool to stifle free expression and undermine democratic engagement. Farotimi is not alone. Journalists, activists, and ordinary citizens have faced similar charges for sharing opinions or reporting on alleged corruption. This distortion of the law’s original intent can lead to citizens becoming hesitant to speak out, weakening democratic accountability and potentially fuelling distrust in government.

The Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC) estimates the country loses $500 million per year to cybercrime. This problem requires a response. However, the Cybercrimes Act’s broad language, especially its vague definitions of “false information,” “cyberstalking,” “harassment,” and “insult” leave room for confusion and potential abuse. The law’s broad scope allows it to be misused against Nigerian citizens seeking to express dissent, form opinions, or criticize powerful people. NHRC has called on law enforcement to “exercise caution” in how they interpret the Act’s frequently used Section 24 to make sure that charges reflect an actual threat to public order. We therefore welcome the commitment from Nigeria’s Minister of Information and National Orientation, Mohammed Idris, to collaborate with the National Assembly and relevant stakeholders in reviewing the Cybercrimes Act so that it protects the values enshrined in Nigeria’s constitution.

The implications extend beyond free expression. Nigeria’s economic future depends on its ability to innovate and attract investment in the digital age. However, the Cybercrimes Act’s misapplication, even in a small number of cases, risks detracting the innovators and entrepreneurs the government wants to invest in Nigeria. The Cybercrimes Act also contributes to uncertainty abroad about Nigeria’s legal landscape. Its vague provisions make it difficult for businesses and investors to assess legal risks, hindering investment in industries that rely on digital content. Reform is needed to protect both citizens’ rights and Nigeria’s future.

The undersigned Heads of Mission in Nigeria encourage Nigerian lawmakers to consider reform of the Cybercrimes Act to narrow the definitions of key terms such as “false information,” cyberstalking,” insult,” hatred,” and “harassment,” and ensure those definitions cannot be used erroneously to silence critics and censor expression. As friends of Nigeria who share the country’s strong commitment to democratic values, we want Nigeria to realise its potential as a democratic digital powerhouse. We would therefore welcome the Nigerian government amending the Act to strike a balance between protecting citizens while preserving human rights, including free expression. This will be a difficult balance to strike but is vital for delivering what Nigeria wants: a stable and open democracy, and economic growth underpinned by investment.

Nigeria is not alone in facing this problem. Democracies across the world are grappling with the ever-evolving challenges and opportunities that the digital world presents. Through the Council of Europe’s Global Action on Cybercrime project, Nigerian lawmakers are receiving funding and technical assistance to help the current review of the Act lead to legislation that meets international standards and best practices. However, the deadline for the Act’s review has consistently been delayed, and we urge Nigerian lawmakers to make this review a priority, and ensure it is open to public consultation and debate.

Free expression is a precious commodity that relies on all of us to respect it. It is a fundamental tenant of Nigeria’s constitution. Nigerians, and any citizens of countries around the world, should be able to hold and express their views, even if those opinions are unpopular.

Jointly written by Richard M. Mills, Jr., U.S. Embassy; Richard Montgomery; British High Commission; Sanna Selin, Embassy of Finland, Svein Baera; Embassy of Norway
Pasquale Salvaggio, and Canadian High Commission.

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Sir Kashim Ibrahim at His Swearing-In as Governor of Northern Nigeria

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A defining moment in the transition from colonial rule to indigenous leadership in Northern Nigeria.

The image depicts Sir Kashim Ibrahim during his swearing-in ceremony as Governor of the Northern Region of Nigeria, an event that marked a significant milestone in Nigeria’s political evolution. While the photograph is often dated to the late 1950s, historical records confirm that Sir Kashim Ibrahim assumed office in October 1960, shortly after Nigeria attained independence from British colonial rule.

Sir Kashim Ibrahim was appointed Governor of the Northern Region from 1960 to 1966, becoming the first indigenous Nigerian to hold the office. His appointment symbolised the transfer of political authority from colonial administrators to Nigerians and reflected the emerging autonomy of the regions within the newly independent federation.

Born in 1909 in Maiduguri, present-day Borno State, Kashim Ibrahim was a distinguished educator, administrator, and politician. Before entering politics, he had a notable career in education, serving as Provincial Education Officer and later as Minister of Education for the Northern Region, where he played a key role in expanding access to Western education in Northern Nigeria.

The office of Governor during this period was largely ceremonial but politically significant. It represented the Crown at the regional level while reinforcing constitutional governance under Nigeria’s federal structure. As governor, Sir Kashim Ibrahim worked closely with the Northern Region’s political leadership, particularly the government of Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto, who served as Premier.

His tenure coincided with a formative period in Nigeria’s post-independence history, characterised by efforts at nation-building, regional development, and managing the complexities of ethnic and political diversity. Sir Kashim Ibrahim remained in office until January 1966, when Nigeria’s First Republic was overthrown following the military coup that ended civilian governance.

Beyond politics, Sir Kashim Ibrahim is remembered for his enduring contributions to education and public service in Northern Nigeria. His legacy continues through institutions named in his honour, most notably Sir Kashim Ibrahim College of Education in Maiduguri, which stands as a testament to his lifelong commitment to learning and leadership.

The photograph remains a powerful historical record, capturing a moment when Nigeria formally embraced indigenous leadership at the highest levels of regional governance.

Sources

Falola, Toyin & Matthew Heaton. A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press.

Coleman, James S. Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. University of California Press.

Nigerian National Archives, Kaduna – Records of Northern Regional Government (1960–1966).

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Davido’s baby mama, Sophia Momodu, claps back at Snapchat user who accused her of flaunting a replica bag

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Sophia Momodu has responded sharply after a Snapchat user tried to drag her over an alleged replica designer bag.

The user accused Sophia of “flaunting a replica” and warned her that this is an era where fake items are easily detected, advising her to stop “setting herself up for drags.”

Sophia was clearly not having it.

In a blunt response, she fired back, telling the user to “hold your chest and say God release me from witchcraft,” adding a sarcastic “you wish?” to shut down the allegation.

https://www.instagram.com/reel/DSMmzu8jMMN/?igsh=dDR3d2Q3ZXgxYWJu

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Charlie archibong akwa ibom man the deadliest Biafra war lord

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“Brigadier Archong” (also referred to as Colonel Charlie Archibong) was a prominent Biafran commander during the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970), known for his bravery and key role in the Biafran invasion of the Midwest region.

Key Activities During the War

Midwest Invasion Commander: Colonel Archibong was the lead commander of the Biafran forces that invaded Nigeria’s Midwest region on August 9, 1967. His orders were to advance rapidly through the West and capture Dodan Barracks in Lagos within 48 hours. The advance was halted by a controversial retreat order from Brigadier Victor Banjo at Ore, which ultimately led to the failure of the offensive.

Ojukwu blamed himself for not letting achuzie or Charlie archibong lead the troops to capture Nigeria capital city Lagos after the Biafran capital city Enugu was attacked by the Nigerian, even after Charlie archibong territory fell to the Nigerian military Charlie archibong and his people mostly lead to lay a deadly ambush against the Nigerian army in Calabar and akwa ibom and pH and this action Also lead to the killing of innocent civilians by Nigeria army not only Asaba experienced massacred south south of today veteran can testify

Key Biafran Fighter: Archibong was considered one of General Odumegwu Ojukwu’s most trusted and gallant fighters. He was known by the nickname “Charlie Bazooka” and was respected for his zeal and determination.

Further Action: After the Midwest campaign, he saw more action around Ikot Ekpene.

Disappearance/Death: Archibong was reported missing after an officer-led reconnaissance operation, and his command headquarters waited in vain for his return. Sources suggest he may have been killed through internal sabotage within Biafra.

Archibong is remembered as a significant figure in the Biafran military, often appearing in historical photos alongside Ojukwu as a “war hero.

 

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